Dohm, Elton, Raju, Mooney, Pories, Flicklinger, Atkinson, 1990, Diabetes 39: 1028-32, Reported that: A. IGF-1 Stimulates glucose utilization. B. IGF-1 receptors in muscle tissue is normally occurring in humans. C. IGF-1 effective treatment for Hyperglycemia

Tokuyama H, et al. Growth Factors, 1990, Vol. 3, pp. 105-114, "Isolation of Two New Proteins from Bovine Colostrum Which Stimulate Epidermal Growth Factor-Dependent Colony Formation of NRK-49F Cells" "...results suggest that BC-1 and BC-2 belong to a new class of mitogen/inhibitors."

Thissen, et. al. Endocrinology, 1991 V 129 p 429-35: Evidence that pretranslational and translational defects decrease serum IGF-1 concentrations during dietary protein restriction: " Dietary protein restriction causes GH (growth hormone) resistance and decreases IGF-1 serum levels." (Implications in loss of muscle mass related to protein depravation).

Marcotty et. al., Growth Regulation 1991 Longman Group UK: IgF-1 from cow colostrum: Characterization: "IgF-1 potent stimulator of growth and differentiation of numerous cell types. Bovine sequence identical to Human IgF-1

Lundeberg, et.al. W.B. Saunders Co. 1991: Growth Hormone improves Muscle Protein Metabolism: " Human Study indicated: GH prevented catabolism in muscle and improved whole body nitrogen economy. Investigations of the possible beneficial effects of GH to prevent skeletal muscle deterioration after surgical trauma are advocated."

Breese, et. al., Jour. Gerontology (aging) 1991 V 46 p B180-7: Influence of age and long term dietary restriction on IGF-1: "Study of relationship of IGF-1 and lifespan: Demonstrated a decrease in relative IGF-1 concentration with age , as well as dietary restriction. Indicates aging associated with reduced levels in plasma IGF-1 and other GH levels." Implications as antiaging.

Bak, Jens Friis, et al. Am. J. Physiol. 260 (Endocrinol. Metab. 236): E736-E742, 1991, et al. "Effects of growth hormone on fuel utilization and muscle glycogen synthase activity in normal humans" "...GH inhibited the insulin-stimulated glucose disposal by 27%... and raised the non protein energy expenditures..." "...GH 1)increases energy expenditures and inhibits glucose oxidation in favor of an increased lipid oxidation, and 2)inhibits insulin-mediated activation of the glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle biopsies..."

Bricker, BS, Daniel S. The American Chiropractor, Nov. 1991. COLOSTRUM: Implications for Accelerated Recovery in Damaged Muscle and Cartilage, Prevention of some Pathogenic Disease. Bovine colostrum contains unsurpassed repair characteristics for muscle and cartilage.

Schwade, Steve. Muscle & Fitness. May 1992. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS. This Potent Growth Stimulant Found in Mother's Milk May Help Big Boys Grow Bigger. Human muscle cells have a high affinity for IGF-1.

Resnicoff, Sell, et al. Jour. Biol. Chem. 1993, v 268 p 21777-82: Ethanol inhibits autophosphorylation of IGF-1 receptor and IGF-1 mediated proliferation: "Findings demonstrate that ethanol at low concentrations markedly inhibits IGF-1 receptor autophosphorylation and IGF-1 mediated cell growth."

Chaumeil, Liolet, Kogbe, 1994, Adv Exp. Med. Biol. Report of clinical study Vol. 350 pp. 595-599 Reported effective treatment of eye infections with bovine colostrum lactoserum i.e.: reduction in glaucoma, scaring after injury or surgery, reduction in eye lesions.

Stokes, Joseph 1994, Children's Hospital, Philadelphia, Am. J. Physiol. "Insulin-like growth factors (IGF's) mediate cell proliferation and differentiation and bind with high affinities and specificities to IGF receptors and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP's)." "...IGF's are mitogens for cultured rabbit ASM cells and their actions are most likely mediated through the type 1 IGF receptors. The ASM cells secrete IGF-II and IGFBP-2, and the latter could modulate the actions of the IGF's in these cells.

Xu, Mardell et. al., Immunology 1995 vol 85 p 394-9: Expression of functional IgF-1 receptor on lymphoid cells: " Our studies suggest that biological activities of IGF-1 include direct stimulation of immune cells and that expression of IGF-1 receptor may have a role in the regulation of T-cell function."

Bhora, et. al. Jour. Surg. Res. 1995 V 59 p 236-44: Effect of growth factors on cell proliferation in human skin.: "The failure of chronic wounds to heal is a major medical problem. Studies suggest an important role for growth factors in promoting wound healing. Conclusion: Fibroblast growth factor IGF-1 and epithelial growth factor are important for wound healing." Treatment implications for trauma and surgical wounds, accelerated healing possible.

Bak, Moller, Schmitz, Medical Endocrinological Dept III, University Clinic of Internal Medicine, Aahus Kommunehospital, Aarhus, Denmark: GH inhibited the insulin stimulated glucose disposalby 27% and raised nonprotein energy expenditures Fat Oxidation contributed 71.7% of Energy expenditures during GH administration as compared with 48% without. Conclusion GH increases energy expenditures and inhibits glucose oxidation in favor of increased lipid (fat) oxidation (burning)."

Gluckman, Breir and O'Sullivan, Dept. of Pediatrics, Univ. of Auckland, New Zealand: A. IGF-1 inhibits malnutrition induced catabolism. (If actively present IGF-1 stops the burning of body proteins, {muscle} for energy)

Ullman, Sommerland, Skottner, Dept. of Pathology and Pharmacology, Univ.  of Gothenburg, Sahlgren Hospital & HabiVitrum AB, Stockholm, Sweden: A. High age associated with reduced levels of GH and IGF-1. B. Induction of GH and IGF-1 increase body weight through muscle growth of aged subjects

Rosenthal, Brown, Brunetti and Goldfine, Dept. of Pediatrics, Univ. of California, SF Div. of Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Mount Zion Medical Center, Univ. of Ca., SF A. Presence of FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor) (in bovine colostrum) inhibits IGF-II's ability to decrease IGF-1 receptors in muscle tissue resulting in a 60-70% increase in IGF-1 binding.

Pakkenen, R; Aalto, J. International Dairy Journal. 1997. Review Paper: Growth Factors and Antimicrobial Factors of Bovine Colostrum. Colostrum is rich in nutrients, antibodies and growth factors. Colostrum contains insulin, transforming growth factor b and related growth factors. Growth factors promote the growth and development of the newborn... while antimicrobial factors provide passive immunity and protect against infections...

Klagsbrun, 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 75, pp.; 5057-5061. "Human Milk Stimulates DNA Synthesis and Cellular Proliferation in Cultured Fibroblasts": Growth Factors in milk showed 100 times the potency of serum when tested on fibroblasts.

Shimizu, Webster, Morgan, Blau and Roth, 1986, American Physiological Society , Dept. of Pharmacology, StanfordUniversity, School of Medicine: A. Presence of IGF-1 Receptors in human muscle cells confirmed.

Tomas, Knowles, Owens, Read, Chani, Gargosky and Ballard, 1991, Biochem Journal Vol. 276. pp. 547-554. Reported: A. Igf-1 peptides stimulate muscle protein synthesis and improve nitrogen balance. B. des (1-3) IGF-1 is at least as potent as the full length IGF-1. C. Bovine Colostrum is natural source of both factors.