References

1) Acosta-Altamirano, G., et al., Anti-amoebic properties of human colostrum. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1987. 216B: p.1347-1352.
2) Binz, K. et al. Repopulation of The Atrophied Thymus in Diabetic Rats byInsulin-like Grown Factor I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87(10):3690-3694. May1990.
3) Boesman-Finkelstein, M., et al., Passive oral immunization of children. Lancet. 1989. 49: p. 1336.
4) Butler, J. E. Immunoglobulins of the Mammary Secretions. Chapter Five. in:Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatise. Vol. 3. Eds. B. L. Larson and V. R. Smith.pp. 217-252. Academic Press. New York. 1974.
5) Christopher-Hennings, J., et al., lmmunocompromise in gnotobiotic pigs induced by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (Olll:NM). Infect. Immune. 1993. 61: p. 2304-2308.
6) Doyle, P. S. Anti-Cryptosporiduim antibodies inhibit infectivity in vitro and in vivo. Infection and Immunity 61(10):4079-4084. Oct. 1993.
7) Dwyer, J. M. Manipulating the Immune System with Immune Globulin. New Engl. J. Med. 326(2):107-116. Jan. 9, 1992.
8) Ebina, T., et al., Prevention of rotavirus infection by cow colostrum containing antibody against human rotavirus. Lancet. 1983.29: p. 1029-1030.
9) Ebina, T., et al., Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. J. Med. Virol. 1992. 38: p. 117-123.
10) Francis, G. L., et al., Purification and partial sequence analysis of insulin-like growth factor-l (IGF-1) from bovine colostrum. Biochem. J. 1986. 233: p. 207-213.
11) Francis, G. L., et al., Insulin-like growth factors-l (IGF-1) and 2 (IGF-2) in bovine colostrum. Biochem. J. 1988. 251:p. 95-103.
12) Haynes, B. F. and Fauci, A. S. Introduction to Clinical Immunology. Part Two. Section 2. in: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Eleventh Edition. Eds. E. Braunwald et al. pp.328-337. McGraw Hil Book Co. New York. 1987.
13) Ho, P.C., and Lawton, J.W.M. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. The Journal of Pediatrics. Vol. 93, No. 6, pp. 910-915.
14) Janusz, M. et ad. Immunoregulatory Properties of Synthetic Peptides: Fragments of a Proline-rich Polypeptide from Bovine Colostrum. Molecular Immunology. 24(10): 1029-1031. 1987
15) Kim, K., et al., In vitro and in vivo neutralizing activity of human colostrumand milk against purified toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile. T. Infect. Dis. 1985. 150: p. 57-61.
16) Lawton, J. W. M., et al., Interferon synthesis by human colostral leukocytes. Arch. Dis. Childhood. 1979. 54: p.127-130.
17) Majumdar, A. S., et al., Protective properties of anti-cholera antibodies in human colostrum. Infect. Immun. 1982. 36:p. 962965.
18) McClead, R., et al., Resistance of bovine anti-cholera toxin IgG to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis. Pedia. Res. 1982.6: p. 227-231.
19) Morris, J. A., et al., Passive protection of lambs against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: Role of antibodies in serum and colostrum. T. Med. Microbiol. 1980. 13: p. 265-271.
20) Nord, J. et al. Treatment with Bovine Hyperimmune Colostrum of Cryptosporidial Diarrhea in AIDs Patients. AIDS. 4(6):581-584. June 1990.
21) Oda, S., et al., Insulin-like growth factor-l (IGF-1), growth hormone (GH), insulin and glucagon concentrations in bovine colostrum and in plasma of dairycows and neonatal calves around parturition. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1989. 94A(4): p. 805-808.
22) Ogra, P. et al. Colostrum Derived Immunity and Maternal Neonatal Interaction. Annals NY Acad. Sci. 409:82-92. 1983.
23) Palmer,E.L. et al. Antiviral Activity of Colostrum and Serum Immunoglobulins A and G. J. Med. Virol. 5:123-129. 1980.
24) Ritchie, D. J., Update on the management of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Ann. Pharmacother. 1994. 28: p.767-778.
25) Rump, J. A., et al., Treatment of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum. Clin. lnvesti; 1992. 70: p. 588-594.
26) Sabin, A and Fieldsteel, A.H. Antipoliomyelitic activity of human and bovine colostrum and milk. Pediatrics, Jan. 1962. pp.105 - 115.
27) Sabirl, A. B., Anti-poliomyelitic substance in milk from human beings and certain cows. T. Dis. Children. 1950. 80: p.866-870.
28) Spik, G., et al., Bacteriostasis of a milk-sensitive strain of E. coli by immunoglobulins and iron-binding proteins associated with colostrum. Immunology. 1981. 35: p. 663-670.
29) Stephan, W., et al., Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1990. 28: p. 19-23.
30) Ungar, B. L. P., et al., Cessation of Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in AIDS patient after treatment with hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Gastroenterology 1990. 98: p. 486-489.
31) Wada, N., et al., Neutralizing activity against Clostridium difficile toxins in the supernatants of cultured colostral cells. Infect. Immun.. 1980.29: p. 545-550.
32) Watzl, B., et al., Enhancement of resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum by pooled bovine colostrum during murine retroviral infection. Am. T. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1993. 48(4): p. 519-523.
33) Clark, Daniel G. and Wyatt, Kaye. Colostrum, Life's First Food. Salt Lake City:CNR Publications. 1996.
34) Jensen, Bernard. Colostrum: Man's First Food, The White Gold Discovery. Escondido:Bernard Jensen, 1993.
35) Rudman, D.; et al. Effects of Human Growth Hormone in Men over 60 YearsOld. N. Eng. J. Med. 323:1-6, 1990.
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37) Hakansson et al., Proceedings, Nat. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. 92, pp. 8064-8068, Aug. 1995.
38) Kohl, S. et al., Human colostral cytotoxicity: antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against herpes simplex infected cells mediated by colostral cells. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 1, pp. 221-224.
39) Dohm, Elton, et al. IgF-1 stimulated glucose transport. Diabetes, Sept. 30, 1990, pp. 1028-32.
40) Sporn, et al. Polypeptide Transforming Growth Factors (TGF A & B) and Epithelial Growth Factor isolated from bovine colostrum used for wound healing in vivo. Science, 219, pp. 1329-31, 1983.
41) Heinerman, John. Dr. Heinerman's Encyclopedia of Anti-Aging Remedies. Paramus:Prentice Hall, 1997; pp.85-86.

The following referenced material includes direct quotes and represents only a small portion of the research conducted re: colostrum.

Dohm, G. Lynis, et al, Sept. 1990, Diabetes Vol, 39. "IGF-1--Stimulated Glucose Transport in Human Skeletal Obesity and NIDDM." "Based on the observation that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) can stimulate glucose utilization in non-diabetic subjects... IGF-1 might provide an effective acute treatment for the hyperglycemia of NIDDM." "Presence of IGF-1 receptors in human muscle, with IGF-1 binding being 24% that of insulin. There was no change in IGF-1 bind in muscle from obese or diabetic subjects..." "IGF-1 stimulated glucose transport approximately twofold..."

Mero, Antti; et al. The Dept. of Biology of Physical Activity, Univ. Of Jyvaskyla , Finland. The American Physiological Society. 1997. Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on serum IGF_1, IgG, hormone, and slaiva IgA during training. Bovine colostrum supplement increased serum IgF-1 concentration in athletes during strength and speed training.

Antonio, PhD, CSCS, Jose. Muscle & Fitness. May 1998. BODY BUILDING SCIENCE ­ From the Weider Research Group. Can Bovine Colostrum Enhance Levels of IGF-1? Studies indicate that bovine colostrum supplementation can increase levels of IGF-1.

Gil, Angel, Sanchez-Medina, 1981, Journal of Dairy Research, Vol 48 Vol. pp 35-44. "Acid Soluble Nucleotides of Cow's, etc.": Bovine Colostrum was found to contain seven different nucleotides which are important for normal cell function and repair.

Ballard, Neild, Francis et. al., 1982, Journal of Cellular Physiology, 110 pp 249-254. "The Relationship Between the Insulin Content and Inhibitory Effects of Bovine Colostrum on Protean Breakdown": Insulin-like ingredient in bovine colostrum (IgF-1) slows protein breakdown. Protein breakdown was also slowed by addition of colostrum to a cell line known to be unresponsive to insulin, indicating the presence of non-insulin growth factors in bovine colostrum.

Sporn, et. al., 1983, Science, 219 pp. 1329-31: "Polypeptide Transforming Growth Factors (TGF A & B) and Epithelial Growth Factor Isolated from Bovine Colostrum Used for Wound Healing in Vivo" : Growth factors in bovine colostrum were found to be very effective in promoting wound healing. Implications for trauma, and surgical healing. External and internal applications implied.

Ballard et. al., Biochem J. 1983 V 210, 243-249: Effects of anabolic agents on protein breakdown: "Protein degradation is inhibited by bovine colostrum. Anabolic agents such as trenbolone, diethylstilboestrol, and testosterone do not alter rates of intercellular protein breakdown."

Ballard, Francis, Geoffry, 1983, Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 210 pp. 243-249: "Effects of Anabolic Agents on Protein Breakdown in L6 Myoblasts": Describes how protein breakdown in tissue due to injury is inhibited by several anabolic agents especially an insulin-like substance (IgF-1) found in bovine colostrum.

Noda, et. al., 1984, Gann, Vol. 75, 109-112. Japanese researchers discovered that Transforming Growth Factors A and B (TGF A & B) in bovine colostrum were involved in normal cellular activities such as embryonic development, cell proliferation, and tissue repair. They also reported it promoted the synthesis and repair of DNA - the master code of the cell.

Francis, 1986, Biochemical Journal, 233(1) pp. 207-213; "Purification and Partial Sequence Analysis of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 from Bovine Colostrum" Showed Bovine IgF-1 to be identical to human IgF-1. Described purification process for extraction of IgF-1 from colostrum.

Roberts, Sporn, Assoian, et. al., 1986, Procedures of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol..83, pp. 4167-71: "Transforming Growth Factor Type B: Rapid Induction of Fibrosis and Angiogenisis in Vivo and Stimulation of Collagen Formation in Vitro" Ristow, et al., pp. 5531-5533 Reports BSC-1 growth inhibitor type B transforming factor is a strong inhibitor of thymocyte (T-lymphocyte precursor) proliferation ( presence in bovine colostrum confirmed: Noda, 1984)

Seyedin, Thompson, Bentz, et. al., 1986, Journal of Biol. Chemistry, Vol. 261, pp. 5693-95: Reported Cartilage Inducing Factor-A in colostrum and its apparent affinity to Transforming Growth Factor B (in human and bovine colostrum), and its relationship to cartilage repair.

Francis, GL, et al. 1988, Biochem J., 251: 95-103. Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 in bovine colostrum. "...The sequence of bovine IGF-1 was found to be identical with that of human IGF-1,..."

Francis, Upton, Ballard, McNeil, 1988, Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 251: 95-103 (printed in Great Britain): "Insulin-Like Growth Factors 1 & 2 in Bovine Colostrum": Two growth factors similar to insulin were purified from bovine colostrum IgF-1 found to be identical to the corresponding human growth factor. In this experiment protein synthesis was increased and protein breakdown was reduced by administration of the bovine colostrum extracts.

Oda, Shinnichi, et. al., 1989, Comparative Biochemical Physiology, A: Comparative Physiology, Vol. 94A No 4 pp. 805-808: "Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, GH, Insulin and Glycogen Concentration in Bovine Colostrum and in Plasma of Dairy cows": Bovine colostrum contains high levels of growth factors that promote normal cell growth and DNA synthesis.

Tollefsen, Lajara, McCusker, Clemmons, 1989, Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 264 No 23, Aug. 15: " Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IgF) in muscle Development": IgF's role in differentiation, repair, synthesis, and their interplay with other necessary growth factors. IgF-1 only factor that can stimulate muscle growth and repair by itself. Eliminates catabolism and stimulates anabolism at the cellular level.

Tollefsen, Sherida E, et al. 1989, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 264, No 23, August 15, Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF) in Muscle Development. "...Studies demonstrate that several components critical to IGF action are produced in a a fusing skeletal muscle cell line in a differentiation-dependent manner and suggest that both IGF-1 and IGF-2 may be autocrine factors for muscle."

Watson, Dennis L, et al. 1990, Journal of Dairy Research, 59, 369-380, Factors in ruminant colostrum that influence cell growth and murine IgE antibody responses. "We conclude that bovine colostrum contains cell-growth factors as well as immunomodulatory factors that are able to regulate the IgE response in a heterologous species."

Allen and Rankin, 1990, PSEBM Vol. 194, Muscle Biology Group, Dept. of Animal Sciences and Physiology, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. Reported: A. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) stimulates proliferation but depresses differentiation of muscle cell growth. B. Insulin Like Growth Factor (IGF-1) stimulates both. C. Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-b) slightly depresses proliferation and inhibits differentiation. Conclusion: When administered in combination these factors induce satellite cells to grow, regenerate and proliferate. Following, these cells will fuse with one another or the adjacent muscle fiber thereby increasing myonucles numbers for growth and repair. All three Factors found in Bovine Colostrum

Ullman, et al. Acta Physiol Scand. 1990 v 140 p 521-5: Effects of Growth Hormone on muscle regeneration and Igf-1 concentration in old rats: "High age is associated with reduced levels of GH and IgF-1. Administration of growth hormone raises level of IgF-1 to that of young rats. With increased IgF-1 the reduced protein synthesis of old rats is restored, caused increased muscle tissue in normal and regenerating muscle tissue, and increased maximum contraction force."

Patureau- Mirand, Posone, Levieux, Attaix, et. al, 1990, Biol. Neonate Vol. 57(1): 30-6 Reported that Colostrum stimulated intestinal protein synthesis.

Skottner, Arrhenius-Nyberg, Kanje and Fryklund, 1990, Acta Paediatric Scand. (suppl) 367: 63-66, A. IGF-1 resulted in significant body weight gain and significant bone growth. B. Topical administration to wounds resulted in more effective healing. C. Stimulated nerve regeneration